[摘要]

　　我们知道行为人的主观过错是一般侵权责任的构成要件之一，对于主观过错的了解和熟知能够帮助我们更好的理解侵权责任的构成。例如过错的界定问题、主观过错的形式、过错的认定标准以及受害人的过错问题等等，这些都是需要我们理解和把握的问题，只有这样才能更好的解决现实生活中存在的侵权问题，保护受害人的合法权益，从而最终实现《侵权责任法》的立法价值。

　　在我看来，所谓侵权责任的构成是指民事主体因自己的行为应当承担侵权责任所应具备的主客观条件。主观条件与民事主体的行为以及行为人的内心状态有关，而客观条件则与现实的损害结果以及行为与损害后果之间的因果关系相联系。

　　我国《侵权责任法》第六条第一款规定：“行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益，应当承担侵权责任。”这是对于一般侵权责任的基本规定。这一规定要求一般侵权责任的构成以行为人的主观过错为要件。同时第七条又规定：“行为人损害他人民事权益，不论行为人有无过错，法律规定应当承担侵权责任的，依照其规定。”这就是对于特殊侵权责任的规定，这一规定不要求行为人具有主观过错为侵权责任的构成要件。根据这些规定可知我国的侵权责任主要是分为一般侵权责任和特殊侵权责任。一般侵权责任的构成理论界有四要件说，即行为人的侵害行为、损害事实的客观存在、行为人的侵害行为与损害事实之间存在因果关系以及行为人主观有过错。对于特殊侵权责任的构成它与一般侵权责任的构成的前三个要件是一样的，唯一的区别在于它不需要具备第四个要件即行为人主观有过错。下面主要来探讨下一般侵权责任的构成中的主观过错问题。

　　一、关于过错概念的探讨

　　大陆法系国家的侵权责任法中都有强调行为人的过错。在公元前287年的《阿奎利亚法》就确立了过错责任原则，该原则要求主张损害赔偿之诉，侵害者必须具有过错，这比人类社会早期的结果责任原则要进步很多，然而《阿奎利亚法》对于过错的程度则没有涉及。

　　关于过错的概念，理论界主要有以下三种学说：主观过错说、客观过错说和主客观相结合的过错说。主观过错说认为，过错是人心理活动的一种状态，属于主观世界的范畴；客观过错说则将过错理解为违反社会准则的行为意志状态；而更多的学者从主客观相结合的角度提出折衷性的主客观过错说，即认为过错是一种主观和客观要素相结合的概念，它是支配行为人从事在法律和道德上应受到非难的行为的故意和过失的状态，换言之，是指行为人通过违背法律或道德的行为表现出来的主观状态。

　　作为一个法律概念，我们认为应该采用主客观过错说来界定过错，即过错应是一个主观和客观要素相结合的概念，它是支配行为人从事在法律和道德上应受到非难的行为的故意和过失的状态，换言之，是指行为人通过违背法律的行为表现出来的主观状态。它主要包括了两层含义：一方面过错是行为人的一种主观心理状态；另一方面过错也是一种应受法律非难的行为。

　　二、关于主观过错形式的探讨

　　我们应该采用主客观过错说来界定过错，但因为过错从本质上来说是人的主观状态，所以我们习惯称过错为主观过错，但是在判定过错的时候仍然要考虑客观要素。所谓主观过错的形式是指在行为人的行为中表现出来的行为人的特定主观状态，即为故意和过失两类状态。故意，是行为人能够预见自己行为的结果，仍然希望它发生或者听任它发生的主观心理状态，行为人应当认识到或者预见到行为的结果，同时又希望或听任其发生。过失，一般认为包括疏忽和懈怠。行为人对自己行为的结果，应当预见或者能够预见而没有预见为疏忽，在我国刑法上称为疏忽大意的过失；行为人对自己行为的结果虽然预见了却轻信可以避免为懈怠，这在我国刑法上称为过于自信的过失。疏忽和懈怠都是过失，都是受害人对应负的注意义务的违反。因此过失就是行为人对受害人应负注意义务的疏忽或懈怠。过失是一种不注意的心理状态，即对自己注意义务的违反。各种过错形式表现了不同程度的过错，因此主观过错形式的确定对于侵权责任是否成立，侵权责任的范围以及责任的减轻和免除意义重大而深远。

　　在大陆法系国家，过错形式的区分深受罗马法的影响。罗马法将过错的形式分为故意和过失，凡是行为人明知其行为将损害他人权利而为之，称之为故意；凡是应加注意的事情却怠于注意的，称之为过失。罗马法区分为重过失（未尽“疏忽之人”可以具有的注意）和轻过失（未尽“良家父”所应有的注意），其中轻过失又进一步划分为抽象轻过失和具体轻过失。《法国民法典》第1382条规定：“任何行为致他人损害的，因其过错致行为发生之人，应对他人负赔偿责任”可见在法国民法典中关于自己行为责任的构成中强调被害人所受的损害可归责于过失或懈怠或疏忽，但没有明确界定过失。《日本民法典》第709条规定：“因故意或过失侵害他人权利或受法律保护的利益的人，负因此产生的赔偿责任”可见在日本民法中关于一般不法行为责任的构成强调须有加害人的故意或过失行为。我国吸取了大陆法系关于侵权责任的相关规定，在一般侵权责任的构成中强调行为有过错，在我国民法学界大多认为应将过错形式分为故意和过失两种，但对故意和过失是否作进一步的划分，许多学者认为没有什么意义。其实并非如此，在法律有特别规定（例如对于产品缺陷的惩罚性赔偿制度）和共同侵权、与有过失及第三人过错的情况下，过错程度的轻重对于决定民事责任具有决定性的作用。

　　第一、在产品缺陷的惩罚性赔偿制度等场合，构成侵权责任必须具有故意，只有行为人具有侵权的故意，才能够构成侵权责任。例如我国《侵权责任法》第四十七条规定：“明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售，造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。”从这条的规定就可以看出明知就要求主观上存在故意，可以理解为过失（包括重大过失）是不能请求相应的惩罚性赔偿的。但是《侵权责任法》没有对惩罚性赔偿数额做出具体的规定，这是司法解释应该完善的地方，法律应该规定惩罚性赔偿的最高数额。

　　第二、在共同过错、混合过错和第三人过错（第三人的过错与加害人的过错为共同原因）中，过错程度与侵权责任有重要关系。这种侵权责任应由共同侵权人、受害人和加害人、加害人与第三人分担责任份额，衡量标准之一是过错轻重。其中过错轻重对于共同责任的分担，起主要作用。例如：甲将数箱蜜蜂放在自家院中采蜜，乙喂猪时忘了关自家的猪圈，猪冲入甲家院内，撞翻蜂箱，使来甲家串门的丁被蜇伤。本案例属于第三人的过错问题，根据新的《侵权责任法》的规定可知对于动物侵权问题，饲养动物人与第三人承担不正真连带责任，也就是说丁既可以要求饲养蜜蜂的甲承担责任也可以要求第三人乙承担侵权责任，但不能同时向甲乙主张侵权责任，但在本案中我们知道是乙忘了关猪圈的过失才导致了损害的发生，所以在甲赔偿丁的损失后可以向乙追偿，此时就要充分考虑乙的主观过错来判断乙责任承担的大小。喂猪时忘关猪圈的行为肯定是存在过失的。但案例中未交待乙的身份只能认定其为普通人，所以不宜认定其为重大过失，更不能认定为故意。可见区分故意、重大过失与一般过失，对确定民事责任具有重大意义。因为主观状态的不同导致承担不同的民事责任。特别是在共同过错与混合过错情形下，行为人的过错程度是确定民事责任及其大小的重要依据。又如：甲乙各驾驶一辆汽车，行驶中在道路上相撞，导致乙的人车损失共计15万元。经查证，甲是酒后驾车，并且没有驾照还违规逆行还超速40码；乙则超速10码。本案属于典型的混合过错，甲乙双方作为加害人、受害人都有过错，但过错的程度的是不一样的，所以承担的责任的大小也是不一样的。甲的过错程度明显要大于乙，所以甲赔偿的数额理应高于乙赔偿的数额。所以对过错程度的研究对我们解决现实中存在的问题具有重要意义。

　　三、关于过错认定的标准的探讨

　　过错认定是指以一定的标准对行为人的行为是否构成过错进行的确定。过错认定所要解决的是如何确定过错认定的标准问题。　　

　　在如何确定过错的问题上，与过错概念的主观过错说和客观过错说相对应，民法学上历来有客观标准和主观标准两种观点。所谓客观标准，是以某种客观的行为标准来衡量行为人的行为，从而认定其有无过错；所谓主观标准，是通过判断行为人的主观心态来确定其有无过错。由于这两种观点选择的标准是基于其对过错概念的理解，而其对过错概念的理解是不全面的，因之，其采用的过错认定标准也是不全面的。客观标准说只考虑了客观要素，主观标准说则仅考虑了主观要素。所以对于过错的认定我们既要考虑主观要素又要考虑客观要素。

　　就其本质而言，过错仍然是人的主观心理状态，行为最终还是要落实到主观状态的评价上。所以司法实践中，认定行为人是否有过错，首先应考查行为人的心理状态。若行为人对其行为造成的损害后果时明知的，并且意图追究此种损害后果的发生，那么行为人主观上是故意的这是很显现的，用主观标准就能够确定行为人过错，就不用再对客观标准进行考查了。但当行为人之过错表现为过失时，行为人的主观活动状态，不显于外部，难于判断，无法用主观标准确定其过错，我们必须借助客观行为来反映其主观状态，这里的判断标准有两个：

　　首先，要考虑行为违法性，法律体现着一种社会评价和价值判断。由于行为人在实施某种行为违反法律规定时就体现了对社会利益和他人利益的违反，以及对其应负的法律义务和公共行为标准的漠视，所以他是有过错的，并应承担责任。因而，行为人行为违法就足以认定其实有过错的。如在道路交通安全事故中，司机主观上没有故意侵害他人，但是如果司机超速行驶、没有驾照行驶或是逆行，这些都是违反《道路交通安全法》的，此时司机主观上没有故意，但是因其行为具有违法性，所以仍然认定其存在过错，所以给路人造成损害的情况下要承担侵权责任。

　　其次，行为人之行为违反一般人的注意义务。那么此时在认定时不再探究特定行为人主观心理状态，应关注基于社会生活共同需要一般人应该如何行为，将一般人放在行为人当时所处的情境之下，这就是我们通常说的理性人的标准。所谓的理性人即是指能够控制自己的行为和“能够鉴别、判断、评价、认识真理以及能使人的行为适合于特定目的的能力的人”。如果理性人都无法预见也无法避免，那么行为人就不具有过失，否则具有过失。由此，我们可知当然，这时判断的重心关键在于行为人是否能够预见，判断此种预见可能性的存在，应当综合考虑行为的年龄、性别、能力等主观因素和当时所处环境、时间及行为类别等因素。譬如说我们不能评判一个一岁小孩或精神完全不正常的精神病人的过错。司法实践通过把与行为人同等条件之一般人放在相同背景下进行充分的考查，从而以确定行为人行为之时应该具有的心理状态。　

　　四、关于受害人过错问题的探讨

　　在考虑行为人的过错的同时，我们也要考虑受害人的过错。所谓受害人的过错是指受害人对损害之发生或扩大具有故意或过失的心理状态。在侵权责任案件中，受害人的过错与加害人一方的责任没有直接联系，即无论受害人有无过错均不影响侵权责任的构成；但是，受害人如果有过错，则可能减轻乃至免除加害人一方的侵权责任。在受害人也有过错的情形下，大陆法系认为应采用过失相抵的规则，根据受害人的过错程度由法官根据公平原则来减轻乃至免除加害人的责任。而英美法系中则将受害人的过错作为一种抗辩事由，比较受害人的过错程度，进而减轻或免除加害人的责任。两个法系对于受害人的过错本质上都是相同的，都是通过比较受害人的过错程度来减轻或免除加害人的责任。对此我国《侵权责任法》第二十六条规定：“被侵权人对损害的发生也有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。”这就体现了过失相抵的原则，在这里我们应该知道在侵权人和被侵权人都有过错的情况下才适用过失相抵原则。但是在适用无过错责任的侵权情形下，如果侵权人因故意或重大过失致人损害的情况下，受害人只有轻微过失或一般过失的时候，此时不能适用过失相抵，也就是说不能减轻加害人的赔偿责任。例如我们知道饲养动物致人损害适用无过错责任。根据《侵权责任法》第七十八条规定：“饲养的动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意或重大过失造成的，可以不承担或者减轻责任。”从这里我们可以看出，动物饲养人或者管理人能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意或重大过失造成的，可以不承担或者减轻责任，但如果只能证明是因被侵权人一般过失或轻微过失造成的，此时就不能减轻动物饲养人或者管理人的赔偿责任。

　　此外《侵权责任法》第二十七条规定：“损害是因受害人故意造成的，行为人不承担责任。”注意受害人故意，是免责的抗辩事由，而不是过失相抵。但是在这里要注意的问题是如果行为主观上存在过失的时候，是否必然就适用过失相抵还是免除行为人责任呢？在这里就要充分的考量行为人过失的程度而不能一概而论。如果受害人故意而行为人只是轻微的过失的情况下，此时可以考虑免除行为人的责任。例如，行人为了自杀，故意撞向行驶的汽车的“碰瓷”行为，如果机动车一方本身存在着故意或重大过失的情况下显然不能免除机动车一方的责任，但是机动车一方仅存在轻微过失的情况下能否免责呢？此时我认为是可以免责的。

　　所以充分考虑受害人的过错体现了法律对行为人合法权益的保护，也体现了公平、公正的理念，在司法实践中是值得注意和提倡的。

　　五、关于主观过错问题立法上需要完善的地方

　　（—）完善过错形式的划分

财政部


中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法施行细则(附英文)
财政部


（一九八二年二月十七日国务院批准）


第一条 本细则依据《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）第十八条的规定制定。
第二条 税法第一条所说的设立机构，是指外国企业在中国境内设有从事生产、经营的机构、场所或营业代理人。
前款所说的机构、场所，主要包括管理机构、分支机构、代表机构和工厂、开采自然资源的场所以及承包建筑、安装、装配、勘探等工程的场所。
第三条 外国企业同中国企业合作生产、合作经营，除另有规定者外，合作双方应当分别缴纳所得税。
第四条 税法第一条所说的生产、经营所得，是指外国企业从事工、矿、交通运输、农、林、牧、渔、饲养、商业、服务以及其它行业的生产、经营所得。
税法第一条所说的其它所得，是指股息、利息所得，出租或者出售财产所得，转让专利权、专有技术、商标权、版权等项所得，以及其它营业外收益。
第五条 税法第四条所说征收地方所得税的应纳税的所得额，与税法第三条所说的应纳税的所得额相同，都是按照本细则第九条所列公式计算出来的所得额。
第六条 税法第四条第二款所说生产规模小、利润低的企业，是指全年所得额在一百万元以下的外国企业。
第七条 税法第五条所说的利润率低的企业，包括深井开采煤矿资源、利润率低的外国企业。
第八条 外国企业所得税的纳税年度，指公历每年一月一日起，至十二月三十一日止。
外国企业按照前款规定的纳税年度计算有困难的，可以提出申请，报当地税务机关批准后，采用本企业满十二个月的会计年度计算纳税。
第九条 应纳税所得额的计算公式如下：
一、工业：
1．本期生产成本＝本期生产耗用的直接材料＋直接工资＋制造费用
2．本期产品成本＝本期生产成本＋期初半成品、在产品盘存＿期末半成品、在产品盘存
3．产品销售成本＝本期产品成本＋期初产品盘存＿期末产品盘存
4．产品销售净额＝产品销售总额＿（销货退回＋销货折让）
5．产品销售利润＝产品销售净额＿产品销售成本＿产品销售税金＿（销售费用＋管理费用）
6．应纳税所得额＝产品销售利润＋其它业务利润＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
二、商业：
1．销货净额＝销货总额＿（销货退回＋销货折让）
2．销货成本＝期初商品盘存＋［本期进货＿（进货退出＋进货折让）＋进货费用］＿期末商品盘存
3．销货利润＝销货净额＿销货成本＿销货税金＿（销货费用＋管理费用）
4．应纳税所得额＝销货利润＋其它业务利润＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
三、服务业：
1．业务收入净额＝业务收入总额＿（业务收入税金＋营业支出＋管理费用）
2．应纳税所得额＝业务收入净额＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
四、其它行业：参照以上公式计算。
第十条 下列各项，在计算应纳税所得额时，不得列为成本、费用或损失：
一、机器设备、建筑设施等固定资产的购置、建造支出；
二、购进各项无形资产的支出；
三、资本的利息；
四、所得税税款和地方所得税税款；
五、违法经营的罚金和被没收财物的损失；
六、各项税收的滞纳金和罚款；
七、风、水、火等灾害损失有保险赔款部分；
八、用于中国境内公益、救济性质以外的捐赠款；
九、支付给总机构的特许权使用费；
十、与生产、经营业务无关的其他支出。
第十一条 外国企业支付给总机构同本企业生产、经营有关的合理的管理费，以及支付给总机构直接提供服务所发生的实际费用，应当提供总机构的证明文件和单据凭证，并附有注册会计师签证的会计报告，经企业所在地的税务机关审核同意后，可以列支。外国企业同中国企业合作生
产、合作经营，在合同中订有摊销总机构管理费的协议，经当地税务机关审核认可的，可以按照合同确定的方法列支。
第十二条 外国企业支付的借款利息，应当提供借款付息的证明文件，经当地税务机关审核，属于正常借款的，准予按合理的利率列支。
第十三条 外国企业用于同生产、经营业务有关的合理的交际应酬费，应当提供确实的记录或单据凭证，分别在下列限度内，准予作为费用列支：
一、全年销货净额在一千五百万元以下的，其交际应酬费不得超过销货净额的千分之三；全年销货净额超过一千五百万元的，其超过部分的交际应酬费，不得超过该部分销货净额的千分之一。
二、全年业务收入总额在五百万元以下的，其交际应酬费不得超过业务收入总额的千分之十；全年业务收入总额超过五百万元的，其超过部分的交际应酬费，不得超过该部分业务收入总额的千分之三。
第十四条 外国企业在用的固定资产，应当按期逐年计算折旧。固定资产是指使用年限在一年以上的房屋、建筑物、机器、机械、运输工具和其它与生产经营有关的设备等。不属于生产、经营主要设备的物品，单位价值在五百元以下，使用期限又较短的，可以按实际使用数列为费用。

第十五条 固定资产的计价，应当以原价为准。
外国企业同中国企业在合作生产、合作经营中，作为投资的固定资产，以合作各方议定的价格作为原价。
购进的固定资产，以进价加运费、安装费和使用前所发生的有关费用作为原价。
自制、自建的固定资产，以制造、建造过程中所发生的实际支出作为原价。
从国外运进自有已经使用过的固定资产，应当提供该项资产的原价和已使用年数的证明以及有关的市场价格资料，重新按质估价。不能提供确实证明的，由企业估价，报当地税务机关按质核定其价格。
第十六条 固定资产应当从投入使用的月份起计算折旧。年度中间停止使用的固定资产，应当自停用月份的次月起，停止计算折旧。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业，在开发阶段的投资，以油（气）田为单位，全部累计作为资本支出，从本油（气）田开始商业性生产的月份起计算折旧。
第十七条 固定资产的折旧，应当先估计残值，从固定资产原价中减除，残值以原价的百分之十为原则；对于需要少留或不留残值的，应当报经当地税务机关批准；采用综合计算折旧的，可以不留残值。
固定资产的折旧，一般应当采用直线法平均计算。
第十八条 各类固定资产，计算折旧的年限如下：
一、房屋、建筑物，最短年限为二十年；
二、火车、轮船、机器设备和其它生产设备，最短年限为十年；
三、电子设备和火车、轮船以外的运输工具以及与生产经营业务有关的器具、工具、家具等，最短年限为五年。
外国企业由于特殊原因，需要加速折旧或改变折旧方法的，可以提出申请，经当地税务机关审核后，逐级上报财政部批准。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业，在开发阶段及其以后的投资所形成的各类固定资产，可以综合计算折旧。折旧的年限，不得少于六年。
从事开采煤矿资源的企业，比照适用前款的规定。
第十九条 固定资产在使用过程中，因扩充、更换、翻修和技术改造而增加价值，并延长了使用年限的，所发生的支出，应当作为资本支出，不得列为费用。
固定资产提取折旧足额后仍可继续使用的，不再计算折旧。
第二十条 转让或变价处理固定资产的收入，减除未折旧的净额或残值后的差额，列为当年度的损益。
第二十一条 外国企业受让专利权、专有技术、商标权、版权、场地使用权和其它特许权等无形资产，按照合理的价格所支付的金额，从开始使用的月份起，分期摊销。

外国企业同中国企业在合作生产、合作经营中，作为投资的前款无形资产，可以按照协议、合同规定的金额，从开始使用的月份起，分期摊销。
前两款无形资产在受让时或者作为投资时规定有使用期限的，可以按照规定期限分期摊销；没有规定使用期限的，摊销期限不得少于十年。
第二十二条 外国企业在筹办期间所发生的费用，应当在开始生产、经营后，分期摊销。摊销期限不得少于五年。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业所发生的合理的勘探费用，可以在已经开始商业性生产的油（气）田收入中分期摊销。摊销期限不得少于一年。
第二十三条 商品、原材料、在产品、半成品、产成品和副产品等的盘存，应当按照成本价计算。计算方法，可以在先进先出、移动平均和加权平均等方法中，由企业选用一种。需要变更计算方法的，应当报经当地税务机关批准。
第二十四条 外国企业不能提供准确的成本、费用凭证，不能正确计算应纳税所得额的，由当地税务机关按其销货净额或业务收入总额，参照同行业或类似行业的利润水平，核定其利润率，计算应纳税的所得额。
外国企业承包勘探、开发海洋石油资源的工程作业，按其承包收入总额核定利润率，计算应纳税的所得额。
第二十五条 外国的航空、海运企业从事国际运输业务，都以其在中国境内装载客货收入总额的百分之五为应纳税的所得额。
第二十六条 外国企业同中国企业合作生产，采取产品分成方式的，分得产品时，即为取得收入，按照卖给第三方的销售价格或参照当时的市场价格计算收入额。
从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外国企业，在分得原油时即为取得收入，按参照国际市场同类品质的原油价进行定期调整的价格，计算收入额。
第二十七条 税法第十一条所说的来源于中国的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其它所得，解释如下：
股息，是指从中国境内企业取得的股息或分享的利润；
利息，是指从中国境内取得的存款、贷款的利息；购买各种债券的利息以及垫付款、延期付款等项的利息；
租金，是指将财产租给中国境内租用者而取得的租金；
特许权使用费，是指提供在中国境内使用的各种专利权、专有技术、版权、商标权等而取得的收入；
其它所得，是指上述各项所得以外，经财政部确定征税的所得。
第二十八条 前条所说来源于中国的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其它所得，除另有规定者外，都按照收入全额计算应纳税额，税款由支付单位在每次支付的款额中扣缴。
第二十九条 税法第十一条所说国际金融组织，是指联合国所属国际货币基金组织、世界银行、国际开发协会、农业发展基金组织等金融机构；所说优惠利率，是指比国际金融市场一般利率至少低百分之十的利率。
第三十条 税法第十一条所说的中国国家银行，包括中国人民银行、中国银行、中国农业银行、中国人民建设银行、中国投资银行和经国务院批准的对外经营外汇存放款信贷业务的国际信托投资公司等。
第三十一条 税法第十一条第四款所说的存款利息所得，不包括外国银行在中国国家银行按照低于国际金融市场利率的存款所取得的利息。低于国际金融市场利率的存款利息所得，免征所得税。
第三十二条 税法第十一条所说支付的款额，包括现金支付、汇拨支付、转帐支付的金额，以及用有价证券、实物支付时折算的金额。
第三十三条 税法第七条规定的分季预缴所得税额，可以按照实际计算的季度利润额预缴，也可以按照本年度计划利润额或上年度所得额计算的应纳税额的四分之一预缴。
第三十四条 外国企业营业不满一年的，按照实际营业期间的所得额，适用税法所规定的税率，计算缴纳所得税。
第三十五条 外国企业的开业、停业，应当分别在开业后或停业前三十天内，按照税法第十条的规定，向当地税务机关办理开业或停业的税务登记。
第三十六条 外国企业在纳税年度内无论盈利或亏损，都应当按照规定期限，向当地税务机关报送所得税申报表和会计决算报表；除另有规定者外，还应当附送在中华人民共和国登记的注册会计师的查帐报告。
第三十七条 外国企业如遇特殊原因，不能按照规定期限报送纳税申报表时，应当在报送期限内提出申请，经当地税务机关批准，可以适当延长，并相应延长汇算清缴的期限。缴纳税款期限和报送报表期限的最后一日，如遇公休假日，可以顺延。
第三十八条 外国企业的财务收支以实行权责发生制为原则。各项会计记录必须正确、完整，都应当有合法的凭证作为记帐依据。
第三十九条 外国企业所用会计凭证、帐簿和报表，应当使用中国文字记载，也可以使用中、外两种文字。
会计凭证、帐簿和报表，至少保存十五年。
第四十条 外国企业的销货发票和营业收款凭证，应当报经当地税务机关批准后，方可使用。
第四十一条 税务机关派出人员，对企业的财务、会计和纳税情况进行检查时，应当出示证件，并负责保密。
第四十二条 外国企业所得为外国货币的，分季预缴所得税，应当按照填开纳税凭证当日国家外汇管理总局公布的外汇牌价，折合成人民币缴纳税款；年度终了后汇算清缴所得税应补、应退的税款，按照纳税年度终了的最后一日国家外汇管理总局公布的外汇牌价，折合成人民币进行退
补。
第四十三条 外国企业违反税法第八条、第九条第一款、第十条、第十二条规定的，税务机关根据情节轻重，可处以五千元以下的罚金。
第四十四条 外国企业违反本细则第三十九条第二款、第四 十条规定的，税务机关根据情节轻重，可处以五千元以下的罚金。
第四十五条 税法第十五条第三款所说的偷税、抗税，解释如下：
偷税，是指纳税人有意违反税法规定，伪造、涂改、销毁帐册、票据或记帐凭证，虚列、多报成本、费用，隐瞒、少报应纳税的所得额或收入额，逃避纳税或骗回已纳税款等违法行为。
抗税，是指纳税人违抗税法规定，拒不办理纳税申报和提供纳税证明文件、单据凭证；拒绝接受税务机关对财务、会计和纳税情况进行检查；拒不依法缴纳税款、罚金等违法行为。
第四十六条 税务机关根据税法和本细则规定处以罚金的案件，应当填发违章案件处理通知书。
第四十七条 外国企业按照税法第十六条的规定，提出申请复议的案件，税务机关应当在接到申请后三个月内作出处理决定。
第四十八条 外国企业所得税申报表和纳税凭证，由中华人民共和国财政部税务总局统一印制。
第四十九条 本细则的解释权，属于中华人民共和国财政部。
第五十条 本细则以《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》的公布施行日期为施行日期。

Detailed Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of theForeign Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China

(Approved by the State Council on February 17, 1982; Promulgatedby the Ministry of Finance on February 21, 1982)

Whole Doc.

Article 1
The Detailed Rules and Regulations are formulated in accordance with
the provisions of Article 18 of the Income Tax Law of the People's
Republic of China Concerning Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called Tax
Law).
Article 2
"Establishments" mentioned in Article 1 of the Tax Law refer to
organizations, places or business agents established in Chinese territory
by foreign enterprises and engaged in production and business operations.
The organizations and places mentioned in the preceding paragraph
mainly include management offices, branches, representative offices,
factories and places where natural resources are exploited and where
contracted projects of building, installations, assembly and exploration
are operated.
Article 3
Foreign enterprises and Chinese enterprises engaged in any
cooperative production or joint business operation should, unless separate
provisions are stipulated, each pay their income taxes respectively.
Article 4
"Income derived from production and business" mentioned in Article 1
of the Tax Law refers to income from the production and business
operations by foreign enterprises in industry, mining, communications,
transportation, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries,
poultry farming, commerce, service and other trades.
Income from other sources as mentioned in Article 1 of the Tax Law
covers dividends, interest, income from lease or sale of property, income
from transfer of patents, technical know-how, trademark interests, or
copyright and other non-business income.
Article 5
The taxable income for assessing the local income tax as mentioned in
Article 4 of the Tax Law is the same as the taxable income mentioned in
Article 3 of the Tax Law, i.e. it is calculated according to the formulas
given in Article 9 of the Detailed Rules and Regulations.
Article 6
Enterprises engaged in small-scaled production or business and
enterprises of low profits, as mentioned in Paragraph 2 of Article 4 of
the Tax Law, refer to foreign enterprises with an annual income of less
than 1,000,000 RMB yuan.
Article 7
Foreign enterprises scheduled to operate in low-profit occupations,
as mentioned in Article 5 of the Tax Law, include those low- profit
enterprises engaged in exploiting coal mineral resources in deep wells.

Article 8
The tax year for foreign enterprises starts from January 1 and ends
on December 31 on the Gregorian Calendar.
Where a foreign enterprise finds it difficult to compute its income
of the tax year as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, it may apply to
the local tax authorities for approval to use its own 12-month fiscal year
for tax computation and payment.
Article 9
The taxable income shall be calculated in accordance with the
following formulas:
a. Industry:
1. Production costs of the year = Direct materials used up in
production of the year + direct wages + manufacturing expenses
2. Cost of the product of the year = Production costs of the year
+ inventory of products semi-finished and in process of production at the
beginning of the year - inventory of products semi-finished and in process
of production at the end of the year
3. Cost of the sales of the product = Cost of the product of the
year + inventory of the product at the beginning of the year - inventory
of the product at the end of the year
4. Net sales of the product = Gross sales of the product -
(sales return + sales allowance)
5. Profit from sales of the product = Net sales of the product -
tax on the sales of the product - cost of the sales of the product -
(selling expenses + overhead expenses)
6. Taxable Income = Profit from sales of the product + profit
from other operations + non-business income - non-business expenditure
b. Commerce:
1. Net sales = Gross sales - (sales return + sales allowance)
2. Cost of sales = Inventory of merchandise at the beginning of
the year + [Purchases of the year - (purchase returned + purchase
discount) + purchase expenses] - inventory of merchandise at the end of
the year
3. Profit of sales = Net sales - cost of sales - tax on sales
(selling expenses + overhead expenses)
4. Taxable income = Profit of sales + profit from other
operations + non-business income - non-business expenditure
c. Service trades:
1. Net business income = Gross business income - (tax on business
+ operating expenses + overhead expenses)
2. Taxable income = Net business income + non-business income -
non-business expenditure
d. Other trades:
For other trades, refer to the above mentioned formulas for
calculation.

Article 10
The following items shall not be counted as cost, expenses or loss in
calculating the taxable income:
1. Expenditure on the purchase or construction of machinery,
equipment, building facilities and other fixed assets;
2. Expenditure on the purchase of intangible assets;
3. Interest on equity capital;
4. Income tax payment and local income tax payment;
5. Penalty for illegal operations and losses in the form of
confiscated property;
6. Overdue tax payment and tax penalty;
7. Losses from windstorms, floods and fire covered by insurance
indemnity;
8. Donations and contributions other than those for public welfare
and relief purposes in China;
9. Royalties paid to the head offices;
10. Other expenses that are not relevant to production and business
operation.
Article 11
Reasonable overhead expenses that are relevant to production and
operation paid by a foreign enterprise to its head office and actual
expenses paid to its head office for services directly provided may be
listed as expenses on the condition that the said expenses are backed up
by certificates and vouchers from the head office, together with a
financial report signed by a chartered public accountant, and examined and
approved by the local tax authorities.
Where a foreign enterprise is engaged in co-operative production and
joint business operation with a Chinese enterprise and an agreement has
been reached and included in the signed contract for the sharing of
overhead expenses of the head office, such payments may be listed as
expenses in accordance with the confirmed method in the contract after
being examined and ratified by the local tax authorities.
Article 12
Foreign enterprises are permitted to list as expenses the interest
payments on loans at reasonable rates on the condition that the loans and
interest payments are backed up by certifying documents and, after being
examined by the local tax authorities, are considered as being of normal
terms.

Article 13
Reasonable entertainment expenses paid by foreign enterprises that
are relevant to production and business income more than 5,000,000 RMB
yuan, the vouchers and documents, and then may be listed as expenses
within the following limits respectively:
1. For enterprises with annual net sales less than 15,000,000 RMB
yuan, the reasonable entertainment expenses shall not be in excess of
0.3%, or three thousandths, of the net sales; for those with annual net
sales more than 15,000,000 RMB yuan, the expenses for that portion above
the limit shall not exceed 0.1%, or one thousandth, of the said portion.
2. For enterprises with annual total business income less than
5,000,000 RMB yuan, the reasonable entertainment expenses shall not be in
excess of 1%, or ten thousandths, of the total business income, for those
with annual total business income more than 5,000,000 RMB yuan, the
expenses for that portion above the limit shall not exceed 3 , or three
thousandths, of the said portion.
Article 14
Depreciation of fixed assets of foreign enterprises in use shall be
calculated on an annual basis. The fixed assets cover houses, buildings,
machinery and other mechanical apparatuses, means of transport and other
equipment for the purpose of production or business operations with useful
life of more than one year. But articles with a per-unit value of less
than 500 RMB yuan and a shorter useful life that are not main equipment
for production or operation, can be itemized as expenses according to the
actual quantity in use.
Article 15
Fixed assets shall be assessed according to the original value. For
fixed assets counted as an investment by foreign enterprises and Chinese
enterprises engaged in co-operative production and business operation, the
original value shall be the price of the assets agreed upon by all
participants at the time of co-operation.
For purchased fixed assets, the original value shall be the purchase
price plus freight, installation expenses and other related expenses
incurred before they are put into use.
For self-made and self-built fixed assets, the original value shall
be the actual expenditures incurred in the course of manufacture of
construction.
For self-owned and used fixed assets that are shipped in from abroad,
the documents certifying their original value and the number of years in
use, together with reference data on their market price, shall be
presented and their actual value shall be reassessed according to the
quality. For assets without certifying documents, the value shall be
assessed by the enterprise and submitted to the local tax authorities for
examination and approval in accordance with the quality of the assets.

Article 16
Depreciation of fixed assets shall be calculated starting from the
month when the assets are put into use. Depreciation shall no longer be
calculated starting from the month following that in which the fixed
assets cease to be used.
For enterprises engaged in exploiting off-shore petroleum resources,
all investments at the stage of exploration shall be counted as capital
expenditure with the oil (gas) field as a unit, and depreciation shall be
calculated starting from the month when the oil (gas) field begins to go
into production for commercial purposes.
Article 17
In calculating depreciation on fixed assets, the residual value shall
be assessed first and deducted from the original value, the principle
being to make the residual value about 10 per cent of the original value;
those assets to retain a lower or no residual value shall be submitted for
approval to the local tax authorities. If the depreciation is calculated
in accordance with a composite life method, residual value may not be
retained.
Depreciation on fixed assets shall generally be computed in average
under the straight-line method.
Article 18
The depreciation period for various kinds of fixed assets is set as
follows:
1. The minimum depreciation period for houses and buildings is 20
years;
2. The minimum depreciation period for trains, ships, machines and
equipment and other apparatuses for the purpose of production is 10 years;
3. The minimum depreciation period for electronic equipment, means of
transport other than trains and ships, as well as appliances, tools and
furniture relevant to production and operation is 5 years.
For cases where the depreciation on fixed assets of foreign
enterprises, owing to special reasons, needs to be accelerated or to be
computed under modified methods, applications may be submitted to the
local tax authorities for examination and then relayed level by level to
the Ministry of Finance for approval.
Depreciation of various kinds of fixed assets resulting from the
investments of enterprises engaged in exploiting offshore petroleum
resources, during and after the stage of exploration, may be calculated in
accordance with a composite life method. The depreciation period shall not
be less than six years.
For enterprises engaged in exploiting coal mineral resources, the
provisions of the preceding paragraph may also be applied.

Article 19
Expenditures arising from enlargement, replacement, refitting and
technical innovation and resulting in the increase of value of fixed
assets in use, should be regarded as capital expenditure, and shall not be
listed as expenses.
For the fixed assets remaining in use after the full depreciation
period, no depreciation shall be allowed.
Article 20
The balance of the proceeds from the alienation or disposal of fixed
assets at the current price, after the net unamortized value or the
residual value of the assets is deducted, shall be entered into the profit
and loss account for the current year.
Article 21
For intangible assets such as patents, technical know-how, trademark
interests, copyright, right to use sites and other franchises that are
alienated to foreign enterprises, the payment made by the enterprises at
reasonable prices shall be amortized from the month they come into use.
Intangible assets mentioned in the preceding paragraph and counted as
the investment by foreign and Chinese enterprises in co-operative
production and business operation, may be amortized on the basis of the
assessed value as provided in the agreements or contracts from the month
they come into use.
The intangible assets mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs that
are alienated to or counted as investment by the foreign enterprises with
the provision of time limit for use, shall be assessed and amortized
according to the time limit; those without such provision shall be
assessed and amortized in a period not less than 10 years.
Article 22
Expenses arising during the period of preparation for a foreign
enterprise shall be amortized after it goes into production or business in
a period not less than five years.
Reasonable exploration expenses incurred by foreign enterprises
engaged in exploiting off-shore petroleum resources may be amortized from
the revenues derived from the oil (or gas) field that has gone into
production for commercial purposes, but the time limit of such
amortization shall not be less than one year.
Article 23
Inventory of merchandise, raw materials, products in process of
production, semi-finished products, finished products and by- products
shall be valued according to the cost price. For the method of
computation, the enterprises may choose one out of the following: first-in
first-out, shifting average and weighted average. In case a change in the
method of computation is necessary, it shall be submitted to the local tax
authorities for approval.

Article 24
If a foreign enterprise cannot provide accurate evidence of costs and
expenses and cannot correctly work out its taxable income, the local tax
authorities shall appraise and determine its profit rate with reference to
the profit level of other enterprises of the same or similar trade, and
then calculate its taxable income on the basis of its net sales or its
gross business income.
The taxable income of a foreign enterprise engaged in contracted
projects for exploring and exploiting off-shore petroleum resources shall
be calculated according to the profit rate appraised and determined in
relation to its gross income of the contract.
Article 25
For foreign air and ocean shipping enterprises engaged in
international transport business, the taxable income shall be 5 per cent
of the gross income from transport services for passengers and cargoes
within the Chinese territory.
Article 26
Foreign enterprises engaged in cooperative production with Chinese
enterprises on the basis of proration of products are considered as
receiving income when such products are distributed, and the amount of
their income shall be computed according to the prices at which the
products are sold to the third party or with reference to the prevailing
market prices of the products.
Foreign enterprises engaged in cooperative exploitation of off-shore
petroleum resources are considered as receiving income when they receive
their share of crude oil, and the amount of their income shall be computed
according to the prices which are regularly adjusted with reference to the
international market price of crude oil of equal quality.
Article 27
The income of dividends interest, rentals, royalties and other
sources in China as mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law is explained as
follows:
"Dividends" refer to the dividends or the share of profits obtained
from enterprises in China.
"Interest" refers to interest earned from deposits and loans,
interest on various bonds purchased and interest earned from payments made
for others and from deferred payments in China.
"Rentals" refer to rentals on properties rented to persons in China.
"Royalties" refer to income obtained from the provision of various
patents, technical know-how, copyright and trademark interests for use in
China.
"Incomes from other sources" refer to incomes specified to be taxable
by the Ministry of Finance other than those mentioned above.

Article 28
The income of dividends, interest, rentals, royalties and other
sources in China as mentioned in the preceding article, with the exception
of those for which separate provisions are stipulated, shall be assessed
on its full amount, and the tax to be paid shall be withheld by the paying
unit from each payment.
Article 29
"International finance organizations" as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Tax Law refer to the International Monetary Fund, the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), the International
Development Association, the International Fund for Agricultural
Development and other finance organizations of the UN
The "preferential interest rate" mentioned therein refers to a rate
that is at least 10 per cent less than the general prevailing interest
rate in the international financial market.
Article 30
"China's state banks" mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law include
the People's Bank of China, the Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of
China, the People's Construction Bank of China, the Investment Bank of
China, and China International Trust and Investment Corporation which has
been authorized by the State Council to be engaged in business of foreign
exchange deposits, loans and credits with foreign clients.
Article 31
"Income derived from interest on deposits", as mentioned in Paragraph
4 of Article 11 of the Tax Law shall not include the interest on deposits
of foreign banks in China's state banks at a rate of interest lower than
that prevailing in the international financial market. Income from
interest on deposits at a rate lower than that prevailing in the
international financial market shall be exempted from income tax.
Article 32
Payments of income, as mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law,
include payments in cash, payments by remittance, payments through
transfer accounts, as well as payments made in marketable securities or in
kind which are rendered into equivalent amounts of money.
Article 33
Income tax to be paid provisionally in quarterly installments as
stipulated in Article 7 of the Tax Law may be paid according to the actual
quarterly profit, or it may be paid on one-fourth of the taxable income
calculated on the basis of the planned profit for the current year or the
actual income in the preceding year.
Article 34
For foreign enterprises which have operated for less than a year, the
income tax shall be assessed on the actual income earned in the operation
period at the applicable tax rate prescribed by the Tax Law.

Article 35
When foreign enterprises go into operation or close down, such
enterprises shall, within 30 days after starting operation or before
closing down, go to the local tax authorities for the relevant tax
registration according to Article 10 of the Tax Law.
Article 36
Foreign enterprises shall file their income tax returns and final
accounting statements with the local tax authorities within the prescribed
period irrespective of making profit or loss in the tax year and, unless
otherwise stipulated, shall send in at the same time the audit certificate
of the chartered public accountants registered in the People's Republic of
China.
Article 37
In case of failure to submit the tax returns within the prescribed
time limit owing to special circumstances, the foreign enterprise should
submit application to the local tax authorities within the said time
limit, and the time limit for filing tax returns and accordingly that for
final settlement may be appropriately extended upon the latter's approval.
The final day of the time limit for tax payment and that for filing
tax returns may be extended if it falls upon an official holiday.
Article 38
The revenue and expenditure of foreign enterprises shall in principle
be accounted on accrual basis. All accounting records shall be accurate
and complete, and shall have lawful vouchers as the basis for entries.
Article 39

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